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C.S. Lewis on Imagination and Reason in Christian Apologetics (Part 1 of 3)
(This is a three-part series on C.S. Lewis on Imagination and Reason in Christian Apologetics.
 Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 )
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C.S. Lewis is probably the most influential practitioner of Christian apologetics over the last hundred years. According to his Oxford contemporary, the theologian and philosopher, Austin Farrer, Lewis was âthe most successful apologist our days have seen.â1 Works such as Mere Christianity, Miracles, The Problem of Pain, and Surprised by Joy, as well as his classic Chronicles of Narnia, have been read by millions of people round the world since they were first published in the 1940s and â50s.
In this essay I want to take a step back and look at the Lewis of the 1930s in order to examine some of the groundwork to his thinking that enabled him to become so effective an apologist. The titles I just listed are the famous flower of his lifeâs work: in what follows we will inspect the stem and indeed the root. Our examination will show that Lewisâs apologetics were successful not simply because the Christianity he presented was reasonable (although reasonable it certainly was, or at any rate was intended to be), but first and foremost because it was presented with imaginative skill and imaginative intent. Lewis had a profound respect for the imagination, and his thinking about and practice of imaginative apologetics constitute one of the main reasons why he is still a relevant, indeed a most timely, voice in the field.
In a postmodern world, systematic or abstract or propositional apologetic strategies may often be of limited appeal because of suspicions about the supposed neutrality or utility of âreasonâ. Lewis himself gave considerable thought to the relations between reason and imagination and it is this that I propose to explore. As someone trained in literary history and criticism and equipped with talents as a poet and novelist, Lewis inevitably thought long and hard about the role of imagination, but he also taught philosophy at Oxford for a period and was a (non-professional) theologian of wide reading, so he gave considerable attention also to the claims of reason. When he turned to apologetics, that thinking about imagination and reason naturally informed his whole approach and only if we understand his thinking about both faculties and the way the inter-relate with each other and with the life of faith will we gain a secure grasp of his effectiveness as an apologist.
Definitions
Apologetics is usually defined as âa reasoned defenseâ. In Lewisâs view, reason could only operate if it was first supplied with materials to reason about, and it was imaginationâs task to supply those materials. Therefore, apologetics was necessarily and foundationally imaginative. In order to provide an easyâand amusingâintroduction to Lewisâs thinking on this subject, let me relate the following (untrue) story. One day I took my car into the repair garage for its annual overhaul.
At the end of the repair job, I collected the car and, as I was driving it out of the garage forecourt, realized I had forgotten to check on something, so I stopped and rolled down my window and called over my shoulder to Billy, the car mechanic, and asked, âIs my rear indicator light working?â To which he replied, âYes. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes.â This little exchange neatly encapsulates Lewisâs definition of imagination. âImaginationâ is a notoriously slippery term and different thinkers and writers define it in very different ways. According to Lewis, imagination is simply âthe organ of meaningâ.1 Billy the car mechanicâs âorgan of meaningâ was sadly deficient.
A flashing phenomenon, as far as he was concerned, could have only one possible meaning: electrical failure. He was able to see the raw dataâlight on, light off, light onâbut was unable to discover the correct meaning of those brute facts. He had sight, but no insight. He focused on externals and failed to perceive their inner significance. Not that Billy was entirely without the capacity to perceive meaning. He knew the basic meaning of electrical circuits. He knew that when a light shines a connection has been made and when a light goes out a connection has been broken. But he was unable to find a meaning in the relationship between a completed and a broken electrical circuit, imaginatively incapable of perceiving that, in this case, an intermittent light means âindicatorâ, not âinsecure connectionâ. Lewis definition of imagination as âthe organ of meaningâ appears in an important but much overlooked essay called âBluspels and Flalansferes: A Semantic Nightmareâ, which was first published in 1939. (The odd title may have had something to do with why it has been so overlooked.)
Mainly concerned with how metaphors are created and used, the essay also contains some larger scale epistemological observations. As well as defining imagination as the organ of meaning, Lewis defines the opposite of meaning as not error but nonsense. Things must rise up out of the swamp of nonsense into the realm of meaning if the imagination is to get any handle on them. Only then can we begin to judge whether their meanings are true or false. Before something can be either true or false it must mean. Even a lie means something and a lie understood as a lie can be most instructive. Only nonsensical things mean nothing.
Back to Billy and the car. Not every flashing light on a car is meaningful. Sometimes there really are loose connections, whose occasional bursts of luminosity, flickering on and off in no particular rhythm, we should best describe as nonsensical: the connections are arbitrary, random, meaningless. If the connections were regular or patterned, however, we would be inclined to conclude that they were significant, meaningful. But what kind of meaning would they have? A true meaning, showing that the driver was about to make a turning? Or a false meaning, showing that the driver had forgotten to cancel the lever? It is human reason, in Lewisâs view, that judges between meanings, helping us to differentiate those meanings that are true and illuminating from those which are false and deceptive.
To summarize his definitions: reason is âthe natural organ of truthâ; imagination is âthe organ of meaningâ and meaning itself is âthe antecedent condition of both truth and falsehoodâ3. Imagination is therefore, for Lewis, âthe prius of truthâ4: before something can be either true or false, it must mean. Meaning appears to mean the relation between the physical and the psychic or psychological, âthe psychophysical parallelism (or more)â which characterises the universe5, linking bodies in space and time with spiritual realities (âspiritualâ meaning not just psychological, but also rational and, ultimately, pneumatological). A true meaning would be a complete, unimpaired, healthy, fruitful psycho-physical relationship.
Imagination in practice
Leaving definitions to one side, let us turn now to Lewisâs understanding of Christianity and look at the role played by imagination in his journey towards acceptance of the faith. It is worth doing this because his theoretical understanding of the relationship between imagination and truth seems to be strongly related to his personal experience, insofar as we can reconstruct it from the history of his Christian conversion. Lewisâs own imagination was, he said, âbaptizedâ in a certain sense when, in the second half of his teens, he read a book called Phantastes by the nineteenth century Scottish writer, George MacDonald. In his autobiography, Surprised by Joy, Lewis explains how his early life had been haunted by powerful, fugitive sensations of longing and beauty, experiences which he labels âjoyâ, similar to what the German romantics would have called sehnsucht (yearning). The effect that Phantastes had upon him was somehow to make these moments less transitory. He writes:
Up till now each visitation of Joy had left the common world momentarily a desert ⌠Even when real clouds or trees had been the material of the vision, they had been so only by reminding me of another world; and I did not like the return to ours. But now [as I read Phantastes] I saw the bright shadow coming out of the book into the real world and resting there, transforming all common things and yet itself unchanged. Or, more accurately, I saw the common things drawn into the bright shadow ⌠In the depth of my disgraces, in the then invincible ignorance of my intellect, all this was given me without asking, even without consent. That night my imagination was, in a certain sense, baptized; the rest of me, not unnaturally, took longer. I had not the faintest notion what I had let myself in for by buying Phantastes.6
We do not have time to go further into Phantastes or George MacDonald and investigate more precisely why this book and its author had such an impact on Lewisâs imagination. We just need to note that it happened.
What Phantastes did was to awaken Lewisâs imaginative capacity for understanding âholinessâ, so he said. For the first time, he was able to attach some meaning to the idea of sanctification, the sanctification of all common everyday things, not by throwing them out in order to make room for some transcendent but alien reality, still less by replacing them with an irrational, fantastic never-never land, but by changing their meaning from the inside, transforming them, illuminating them with a different light.
âThat night,â Lewis records, âmy imagination was, in a certain sense, baptized; the rest of me, not unnaturally, took a little longer.â In fact, it took about another fifteen years for the rest of him to be baptized7Â and for his whole outlook, not just his imaginative outlook, to be converted.
He became a Christian when he was 32 years old and it is imperative to note that, at the decisive moment, it was his imagination that first had to be addressed; it was through his imagination that his reason and, ultimately, his will were transformed. The organ of meaning had to be enrolled before his ânatural organ of truthâ could get to work; and both imagination and reason had to be satisfied before the core part of him, his âcommand centerâ, the will, could turn about and receive supernatural truth.
The immediate human cause of his conversion was a long night-time conversation with two good friends, J.R.R. Tolkien and Hugo Dyson, on the subject of Christianity, metaphor, and myth. In a letter to a third friend, Arthur Greeves, Lewis recounted the substance of the conversation and it is clear that questions of meaningâthat is to say, of imagination,âwere at the root of it.
Lewisâs whole problem with Christianity, at that stage, was fundamentally imaginative. As he wrote to Greeves, âWhat has been holding me back ⌠has not been so much a difficulty in believing as a difficulty in knowing what the doctrine meant.â8
Tolkien and Dyson showed him that Christian doctrines are not the main thing about Christianity. Doctrines are translations into concepts and ideas of that which God has already expressed in âa language more adequate: namely the actual incarnation, crucifixion and resurrectionâ9 of Christ. The primary language of Christianity is a lived language, the real, historical, visible, tangible language of an actual person being born, dying, and living again in a new, ineffably transformed way.
When Lewis realized this, he began to gain an understanding of what Christianity really meant, because he was already fascinatedâhe had been fascinated from childhood,âby stories of dying and rising gods. In many ancient mythologies there are stories of characters who die and go down into the underworld and whose death achieves or reveals something back here on earth: new life in the crops, for instance, or sunrise, or the coming of spring. Lewis had always found the heart of these pagan storiesâhe mentions those of Adonis, Bacchus, Balder, among others,âto be âprofound and suggestive of meanings beyond my grasp even thoâ I could not say in cold prose âwhat it meantââ.10
The difference between his attitude to Christianity and his attitude to the pagan myths was that, with the latter, he did not try officiously to explain them: these stories he considered to be fruitful enough in their own terms. They were myths that had to be accepted as saying something in their own way, not treated as a kind of allegory and translated into something less, something secondary, mere âdoctrinesâ. By accepting that Christianity too was primarily to be understood in its own terms as a story, before its translation into a codified doctrinal system, Lewis had moved, we might say, from an analytic to a religious perspective.
Analysis means literally âloosening upâ, while religion means something like âtying back upâ,âre-ligamenting, if you like. Doctrines, though useful, are the product of analytical dissection; they recast the original, equivocal, historical material into abstract, less fully realised categories of meaning. In short, doctrines are not as richly meaningful as that which they are doctrines about. By coming to this conclusion, Lewis anticipated by several decades the turn to ânarrative theologyâ that would characterise much later twentieth century theological thinking.
When Lewis understood that the story recounted in the Gospels, rather than the commentary upon and outworking of that story in the Epistles, was the essence of Christianityâs meaning and that the Christ-story could be approached in a way similar to the way he approached pagan myths, it was a huge breakthrough for him. Christianity, he now saw, was a âtrue mythâ whereas pagan myths were âmenâs mythsâ.11
In paganism God expressed Himself in an unfocussed way through the images which human imaginations deployed in order to tell stories about the world; but in the story of Christ Lewis located âGodâs mythâ,12âthe story in which God directly expressed Himself through a real, historical life of a particular man, in a particular time, in a particular place,âJesus of Nazareth, the Messiah, crucified under Pontius Pilate outside
Jerusalem, circa A.D. 33. That there were certain similarities between pagan myths and the true myth did not lead Lewis to conclude, âSo much the worse for Christianityâ; it led him to conclude âSo much the better for Paganism.13 Paganism contained a good deal of meaning that was realized, consummated, and perfected in Christ.
In a sense, Lewis had found in pagan myths what Christ himself had said could be found in the Old Testament story of Jonah. Jesus told the Pharisees: âNo sign will be given this generation except the sign of Jonah: for as Jonah was in the belly of the great fish for three days and nights, so the Son of Man will be in the heart of the earth for three days and nightsâ (Matthew 12:39-40). Jonahâs descent and re-ascent are a meaningful prefiguration of Christâs own death and resurrection. For Lewis, pagan myths amounted to a similar sort of Christotypical prefiguration.
A couple of weeks after his conversation with Tolkien and Dyson, Lewis passed from being nearly certain that Christianity was true to being certain, but the important thing to notice, for our present purposes, is that the first hurdle Lewis had to clear before he could accept the truth of Christianity was an imaginative hurdle; his âorgan of meaningâ had to be attended to and satisfied. Although imagination, in Lewisâs thinking, is a âlowerâ thing than reason, it is not for that reason to be ignored; on the contrary, it is to be all the more honored. âThe highest does not stand without the lowestâ was a maxim from The Imitation of Christ that he greatly valued14Â and rational assent to Christianity cannot occur unless there is some low âstuffâ, some meaningful content, to which the higher faculty of reason may grant assent. Reason cannot operate without imagination.
Article taken from Imaginative Apologetics: Theology, Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition, edited by Andrew Davison. Published by SCM Press, 2011. Republished by permission. For permission to quote, republish or distribute this material, please contact [email protected]. www.scmpress.co.uk.
Notes: |
Michael Ward
ProfessorMichael Ward is a member of the Faculty of Theology and Religion at the University of Oxford and Professor of Apologetics at Houston Baptist University. He studied English at the University of Oxford, theology at the University of Cambridge, and he earned his PhD in Divinity at the University of St. Andrews. He is the author and editor of multiple books, most notably the award-winning Planet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis, After Humanity: A Guide to C.S. Lewisâs The Abolition of Man and The Cambridge Companion to C.S. Lewis. On the fiftieth anniversary of Lewisâs death, Dr. Ward unveiled a permanent national memorial to Lewis in Poetsâ Corner, Westminster Abbey, London.
Recommended Reading:
Michael Ward, The Narnia Code: C. S. Lewis and the Secret of the Seven Heavens (Tyndale House Publishers, 2010)
Millions of readers have been captivated by C.S. Lewisâs famed Chronicles of Narnia, but why? What is it about these seven books that makes them so appealing? For more than half a century, scholars have attempted to find the organizing keyâthe âsecret codeââto the beloved series, but it has remained a mystery. Until now. In The Narnia Code, Michael Ward takes the reader through each of the seven Narnia books and reveals how each story embodies and expresses the characteristics of one of the seven planets of medieval cosmologyâJupiter, Mars, Sol, Luna, Mercury, Venus and Saturnâplanets which Lewis described as âspiritual symbols of permanent value.â How does medieval cosmology relate to the Christian underpinnings of the series? How did it impact Lewisâs depiction of Aslan, the Christlike character at the heart of the books? And why did Lewis keep this planetary inspiration a secret? Originally a ground-breaking scholarly work called Planet Narnia, this more accessible adaptation will answer all the questions.
COPYRIGHT: This publication is published by C.S. Lewis Institute; 8001 Braddock Road, Suite 301; Springfield, VA 22151. Portions of the publication may be reproduced for noncommercial, local church or ministry use without prior permission. Electronic copies of the PDF files may be duplicated and transmitted via e-mail for personal and church use. Articles may not be modified without prior written permission of the Institute. For questions, contact the Institute: 703.914.5602 or email us.
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ProfessorMichael Ward is a member of the Faculty of Theology and Religion at the University of Oxford and Professor of Apologetics at Houston Baptist University. He studied English at the University of Oxford, theology at the University of Cambridge, and he earned his PhD in Divinity at the University of St. Andrews. He is the author and editor of multiple books, most notably the award-winning Planet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis, After Humanity: A Guide to C.S. Lewisâs The Abolition of Man and The Cambridge Companion to C.S. Lewis. On the fiftieth anniversary of Lewisâs death, Dr. Ward unveiled a permanent national memorial to Lewis in Poetsâ Corner, Westminster Abbey, London.